Rabbit Syphilis

This is also known as vent disease, vent disease in rabbits, spirochetosis, or treponematosis. The causative organism is a spirochete bacterium named Treponema paraluis cuniculi.

The human version of syphilis is caused by Treponema pallidum, not T. cuniculi. Both are spirochetes, bacteria that look like little corkscrews, and both are species-specific. You can breathe easy - T. cuniculi does not infect humans.

Symptoms:
From the time of exposure to rabbit syphilis, the disease incubates for around 3-6 weeks. At onset of symptoms, the genital area becomes inflamed and swollen with superficial, cutaneous lesions. Little blisters and/or ulcers develop over the vent area. These pop and scab over. The area may be coated with pus and exudate.

Affected animals are typically unwilling to breed, and if they do, their reproductive efficiency drops.

Transmission of vent disease in the vast majority of cases is through breeding. However it is possible to contract the disease through normal contact.

Without treatment, similar scabby, inflamed lesions can develop on the nose, lips, face, and/or eye region as the rabbit infects itself through grooming or coprophagy. Facial sores develop in about 15% of affected rabbits. The rabbit pictured did not yet have any facial sores.

In a few rabbits with vent disease, the still-infectious rabbit becomes asymptomatic. The outward lesions heal, yet the spirochete is still lurking in the bloodstream. If you breed a rabbit and the other animal comes down with rabbit syphilis, treat both animals.

Quarantine:
Because vent disease is so contagious, do quarantine the affected animals, all those rabbits that have been exposed to them, AND all their offspring which could reasonably be suspected of having been exposed to the disease.

Diagnosis:
A veterinarian can take a scraping of the area and put it under the dark field microscope. (S)he should be able to see spirochetes under the slide. The vet can also measure the antibody titer. Other serologic tests are also available.

Even if a spirochete cannot be found, I would nevertheless treat any of my rabbits that ever resembled the picture above, plus any animals they had been bred to.

Hutch Burn or Vent Disease?
Breeders might confuse hutch burn with vent disease. Hutch burn is a topical irritation to the skin, most frequently from sitting in moist or dirty bedding. The fur will be stained and/or missing. The vent area of this rabbit is perfectly healthy, while the surrounding fur is stained. Hutch burn can be seen on the inner leg, where the fur has fallen out and the skin is reddened but not scabbed.

Find more hutch burn info on our Rabbit Health Care page.

Treatment:
The treatment of choice is penicillin. Be very careful which penicillin is chosen, as some penicillins will wipe out the rabbit’s intestinal flora resulting in death. Antibiotics by mouth is NOT recommended.

Here are three treatment choices. Any of these should successfully yield a cure. Choose one of these options, depending on availability and sensitivity of the infection to the drug, as determined in a culture and sensitivity obtained before medicating:

• Procaine penicillin G, 40,000 IU intra-muscularly, once a day, for 3 to 5 days.
  
  
• Benzathine penicillin G, 42,000 IU/kg, subcutaneously, once a week, for 3 weeks
  
  
• A mixture of both Procaine Penicillin G and Penicillin G Benzathine. The combination goes by a variety of brand names. 'Dura Pen' is one of them, Pen BP-48 is another. Dosage is 20,000 IU per pound of body weight, subcutaneously, once a week for 3 weeks.

Give the full treatment. You need to heal the scabs AND kill the spirochete throughout the body. Treat ALL adults in the herd if necessary. Recovered rabbits that have been treated can be considered cured and no longer infectious. Expect the vent and other lesions to heal up within 10-14 days.

Adult Diarrhea Alert:
Diarrhea is a definite risk whenever administering antibiotics to a rabbit. You should probably withhold pellets for the first couple days after administration. Instead, free-feed grass hay, which will reduce the rabbit's intake of calories and carbohydrates. The reduced energy intake will help limit the proliferation of diarrhea-causing unfriendly bacteria triggered by the die-off of normal gut bacteria from the antibiotics.

Kits and Rabbit Syphilis:
Do not breed infected rabbits. Besides the danger of spreading this infection throughout the herd, the kits themselves become infected by the infected does at kindling.

It is very dangerous to treat infected bunnies with penicillin - the bacterial balance in their intestines is still tenuous; a dose of antibiotics could very easily trigger a fatal diarrhea. If at all possible, it is safest to postpone treatment of youngsters until much closer to adulthood.

Ineffective medications:

• Antibiotics: Sulfamonomethoxine, Chloramphenicol, Baytril (enrofloxacin). These have only limited effectiveness against T. cuniculi. The likely outcome is temporarily suppression of symptoms, allowing the infection to roar back once the antibiotic is discontinued. Obtain a culture and sensitivity before using antibiotics, and especially if considering the use of any of these antibiotics.
• Ointments: Panalog (anti-fungal and antibiotic), Fluoroquinolone (dangerous antibiotic ointment). Despite their broad-spectrum effects, ointments have value because they may improve the rabbit’s comfort level but they will not reduce the bacterial count and cannot be considered the sole means of treatment. Except in the case of preventing a secondary infection, a non-medicated salve may be of greater value, in our opinion.

Prevention:
Find the initial source of the infection, if possible.

Rabbit syphilis is a disease that you may never see in your herd or your pet. On the other hand, it is severe enough that you should be aware that it exists. It is a wise breeder that checks the business end of both breeding animals before every mating to ensure that both animals are healthy.

Here's one more shot of the same rabbit pictured above:

Disinfect Living Spaces:
Deep cleaning and disinfection of hutches, cages, and the rabbitry is important to prevent a possible re-infection of one or more animals with rabbit syphilis.

With effective treatment, rabbits can be expected to return to excellent health.

'After' Pictures
7 and 14 days post treatment

Pictured: Rabbit's vent after 14 days of treatment. It looks to be fully healed.

Here are some other links you may enjoy:

• World of Raising Rabbits

• Rabbit Feed

• Raw Meat Pet Food

Go from Rabbit Syphilis to Rabbit Diseases
Go from Rabbit Syphilis to Rabbit Health Care
Go to Raising-Rabbits Home Page

• http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/index.jsp?cfile=htm/bc/171321.htm
• http://rabbitinfocenter.8m.com/vent.html
• http://www.threelittleladiesrabbitry.com/blog2/2007/12/24/vent-disease-or-rabbit-syphilis/
• http://www.radil.missouri.edu/info/dora/RABBPAGE/derm.html#XII
• http://www.helium.com/items/1390994-rabbit-syphilis-symptoms-and-treatment
• http://www.rabbitnetwork.org/articles/syphilis.shtml

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